The water balance in the body
The human body is mostly made up of water and all of his parts are always in need of water, including during sleep. In adult humans, about half to two-thirds of his body consists of water. In the elderly and those who are overweight, a lower percentage of body fluids. While women have more fatty tissue than men, so a lower percentage of body fluids from men. In infants and children, a higher percentage of body fluid than adults.
In our body, water is constantly moving from one body part to another as needed to maintain fluid balance, so the body can function normally. Water consumption must be balanced with body fluids lost through urination, perspiration, defecation, and respiration.
Water needs of every person are not the same. On the average, the adult man weighing 50 kg with moderate physical activity, water intake as much as it takes less than 2 liters per day. Water demand will increase in those with higher physical activity, work / sleep in lower indoor humidity (eg, air-conditioned room), hot temperatures, or in the hot sun. The higher the weight, the higher the water needs. In those who have a fever, the need for water is also increasing.
Usually, a person can drink water in an amount sufficient to offset the loss of water. But in certain circumstances, a person can not drink in sufficient quantities, such as the state of severe diarrhea or vomiting in a long time, so there is a shortage of water.
The main principle in the intake water is better to drink a little more water than required, compared to drinking less water than needed. Because the normal body, the excess water will easily discarded but not vice versa.
In the body, water is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and enter the blood. Waste discharge and their body metabolism is done primarily through the kidneys in urine.
Good drinking water containing mineral salts such as sodium and potassium are called electrolytes. In the body, the water balance is closely related to electrolyte balance. Trying to maintain the balance of body water and electrolyte levels in the blood flow remained stable.
Various mechanisms occurring in the body to keep the stability. One of the most important is the thirst response. When the body needs water, so the nerves in the brain is stimulated and produces thirst. When the water in the body have been fulfilled, then the hunger will be suppressed.
When sodium levels are too high in the body, the body responds by causing dilution thirst when drink and go back to a balanced state. This response was also aided by a hormone produced by the brain, thereby reducing the amount of urine production. If sodium levels are too low, the kidneys will secrete more urine which reduces the amount of water in the blood, thus returning to a balanced state.
Water intake can be various, not always have to drink plain water, because water intake can also be obtained from the juice, broth, milk, vegetables, and fruits. The kidneys are functioning normally, the body can process various types of fluid intake well.
Dehydration
Many of us who frequently use the word 'dehydration' but do not really know what it means. Dehydration means lack of water in the body. This can occur due to loss of body water more than the intake. Dehydration is also associated with higher levels of mineral salts (especially sodium and potassium) in the body.
Examples of things that cause dehydration are vomiting, diarrhea, fever, a drug that causes a lot of urination, excessive sweating due to hot weather, or on those who drink and eat fast. Dehydration is more common in the elderly, because of the thirst response because of aging seniors become less working properly, so that the elderly often become dehydrated without realizing.
The signs of dehydration are thirst, slight and dark urine, the amount of sweat a little, dry mouth, body feels weak, then skin loses elasticity. Dehydration can also cause low blood pressure, which can occur in the head feeling dizzy when standing up. If dehydration becomes more severe, there may be loss of consciousness to brain damage, because the brain is the organ most sensitive to water shortages. In addition, the dehydration is very severe, can damage organs such as the kidneys and liver.
To prevent dehydration, the body must get the intake of adequate amounts of fluid are constant. Increase your intake of fluids when the weather is hot, in the air-conditioned room, activity or strenuous exercise, as well as an illness that causes loss of fluids (fever, diarrhea, or vomiting).
In the elderly, to avoid dehydration, you should use a regular drinking schedule once every few hours, so that water intake can be maintained. If dehydration is accompanied loss of mineral salts, it is necessary to drink the mineral salt content is sufficient and has the same concentration of the body fluids, commonly called isotonic drinks. Examples of isotonic drink is ORS. Currently, isotonic drinks are available in a variety of flavors and brands.
For those who are fasting, ensure adequate fluid intake to prevent dehydration. Fluid requirements between those who are fasting or not fasting is the same, so that the fasting person should drink sufficient amounts during fasting time outside every day.
To prevent bloating, you should drink in a reasonable amount but frequent or avoid drinking large amounts of time as well as outside of fasting. Isotonic drinks can be used when starting or ending time of daily fasting for isotonic drinks more quickly absorbed by the body and stay in the body longer than the relatively plain drinking water.
To prevent dehydration during fasting, you should reduce the consumption of beverages containing caffeine, because caffeine makes more frequent urination which reduces the amount of water in the body.
With adequate water intake, in addition to avoid dehydration, also will help the body stay healthy.
Depression
Each person must have felt sad or moody at times of disaster or problem. It is reasonable if it conforms to the conditions or only lasts for a brief period. However, if you feel sad / moody it continues for a long time, not in accordance with the sad events that makes sense, especially if the feelings of sadness / melancholy that interfere with daily activities, excessive, or occur for no apparent reason, then it This can be called a depression.
Depression can occur in all age groups, from children to the elderly, but it is rarely recognized by the person or persons in the vicinity. Causes of depression until now unknown. There is a chemical in the brain abnormalities that occur in depressed patients. Several factors can lead to depression can be derived, as well as factors specific life experiences. Thyroid disorder, can also lead to depression.
The things that are usually shown by a person who is depressed is feeling sad all day, every day for 2 weeks or more, weakness / lethargy, sometimes hyperactive / aggressive, eating disorders, insomnia, nightmares, sleep too much, became interested in things that normally a favorite, weight loss, feeling hopeless / useless, hard to think, learn, and make decisions, desire for death / suicide, avoiding friendships, and often blame themselves / feel themselves despised / rejected .
Depression should be treated by a doctor. Your doctor will talk with the patient and the family or the closest people, find out if depression is influenced by family / social surrounding. After that, the doctor will check the physical condition, if there is interference / physical illness that may lead to depression and problems / physical illness that may be caused by depression.
For depression, the treatment is tailored to the severity of depression occur. There antidepressants fix chemical imbalances in the brain. In patients with depression who 'fled' to drugs, cigarettes, and alcohol, should be helped to stop the consumption of all these substances.
Treatment in patients with depression not only the drug, also required counseling, group therapy, or family therapy conducted by a counselor, doctor, or psychologist.
In patients who do not want to eat or have a desire to commit suicide should be treated in hospital until the patient does not harm himself.
Treatment of depression can not be 'one-off', sometimes required long-term treatment. The sooner people with depression treated, can shorten the required treatment. People with depression also have to be closely involved in the interaction / social activities / sports to speed recovery.
Fungus infection (tinea) in Leather
Moldy skin disease that is synonymous with 'dirty'. But actually, moldy leather is not necessarily caused by a dirty life. There are a variety of fungal infections in the skin, but this time we will discuss about the infection caused by the tinea fungus, which can affect not only the skin but also nails.
Tinea is a fungal infection that most often affects people. Tinea is characterized by a skin complaint that resembles a worm under the skin, but there really is not a worm under the skin. Tinea infections in the skin picture is like a ring of redness and inflammation are in the middle of the ring there is a healthy-looking skin. Tinea infection is also usually accompanied by intense itching, especially when sweating.
A person can be exposed to ringworm infection on her skin caused by contact with infected other people who are already infected with ringworm, or touching a surface moist (live favorite spot fungus) in public places (eg public toilets). A person can also be infected by their pets, such as dogs, cats, or livestock.
Tinea can affect many parts of the body, from the scalp, shoulders, chest, abdomen, arms, hands, groin, between the toes, hands and feet to the nails. There are characteristic to ringworm infection of the scalp, the hair loss in infected skin.
To know the certainty of Tinea infections, you should consult with your doctor, as many other skin diseases like ringworm infection, so treatment is also different.
Treatment for Tinea infections can be topical agents in the treatment of infected or to be taken, especially in the vast Tinea infections. Treatment for tinea infection is treatment that is not short, starting from 2 weeks to months for widespread infection / weight. These infections often recur because of incomplete treatment, tinea infected because people usually stop treatment when the itching started to disappear.
To prevent infection Tinea, which must be done is to keep the skin clean and dry. In addition, the following things can be done to prevent Tinea infections:
- Use clothes and underwear that absorbs sweat
- Avoid the use of clothing in layers or thicker, especially in the tropics / heat
- Do not use clothing & footwear wet
- Dry the body each time after a shower or wet
- Change underwear and socks every day
- Use footwear in public places
- Do not borrow each other clothes and shoes with others
- Treat the affected pet skin infections
Arthritis (Osteoarthritis)
Arthritis is a disease that many people experience, especially by those who are older. There are different kinds of arthritis, however, the most common is osteoarthritis (OA). OA is a chronic disease that attacks the cartilage in the joints and surrounding tissues with symptoms of pain, stiffness, and loss of function of the joints. OA is often also called degenerative arthritis, which is caused by aging. OA can also be experienced by those who were younger, were mainly caused by injury, infection, or a too heavy burden on the joints due to work or obesity.
Joints normally have a low attrition rate because in addition to having pads, there are also joint fluid serves as a lubricant. OA occurs when abnormal appearance of the cells that form of joint cartilage and damage due to cracks in its surface. Of the cracks, the bones appear and grow at the end of the joint, so the joint surface was smooth and slippery to be rough and bumpy. As a result of this, the joint can not move smoothly and cause pain.
Typically, OA symptoms come on slowly and only in some joints, such as finger joints, neck, waist, hip, or knee. The most common symptom is pain in the joints due to the activity, and then accompanied by stiffness, usually disappears after driven for a while.
In the more severe OA, appears limited motion in the affected joints. The body will try to fix it, but the improvement is happening is causing swollen joints and uneven growth, which cause joint sounds when moved.
Of the above symptoms, the doctor will conclude that the person is exposed to OA, if necessary, the doctor will ask for additional examination, x-rays may be in the affected joints, or a more sophisticated examinations such as MRI. To distinguish it from other arthritis, your doctor may also ask for a blood test.
Treatments for OA do more towards reducing symptoms and maintaining joint function so people can have a good quality of life and move normally. The doctor will suggest a variety of gymnastic movements so that motion is not limited by pain or stiffness, prevent damage to the joint cartilage, and strengthen the muscles around the joint. In addition, physical therapy can be done with hot temperatures to improve muscle function and reduce muscle stiffness. While physical therapy with cold temperatures used to reduce pain. To protect the joints of movement that causes pain, it can be used a variety of tools while doing the activity.
While the drugs are given to patients with OA is more of a complementary function to the above treatments. Drugs that are used beneficial to reduce joint pain also slightly reduce the inflammation that occurs in the joints, such as drugs from the class of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID). However, be careful to use these drugs, because it can cause many serious side effects, ranging from gastric bleeding until the risk of heart attack and stroke are greatly increased. The good medicine for OA used only by prescription and is used only when truly necessary in a short time.
Drugs that directly applied to the skin area of the joint can also be used to reduce pain and inflammation arising. Topical medication is relatively safer than drugs taken but still its use must be in a doctor's supervision.
Sometimes, if there is swelling of the joints accompanied by redness and severe pain, can be done suction or injection of fluid in the joint area by physicians using a variety of drugs. However, this treatment only works for a short time and just to reduce the symptoms that arise, also should not be used because it can damage the joints further.
At the very severe OA or fail with all of the above treatment, the doctor may refer the patient to an orthopedic surgeon for joint replacement surgery with an artificial joint. Joint replacement surgery is a very expensive operation. Artificial joints are also not as strong as the original joints, so maybe after a few years to be replaced again by another artificial joint.
In addition, to prevent worsening joint damage, should be done weight loss in patients who have excess weight.
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